1. Early Stirrings – 1

Perception torn from thinking.

2. The Intelligence of Perception (i) – 13

Perception as cognition.

3. The Intelligence of Perception (ii) – 37

Subtracting the context.

4. Two and Two Together – 54

Relations depend on structure.

5. The Past in the Present – 80

Forces acting on memory.

6. The Images of Thought – 97

What are mental images like?

7. Concepts Take Shape – 116

Abstract gestures.

8. Pictures, Symbols, and Signs – 135

The functions of images.

9. What Abstraction Is Not – 153

A harmful dichotomy.

10. What Abstraction Is – 153

Types and containers.

11. With Feet on the Ground – 188

Abstraction as withdrawal.

12. Thinking With Pure Shapes – 208

Numbers reflect life.

13. Words in Their Place – 226

Can one think in words?

14. Art and Thought – 254

Thinking in children's drawings.

15. Models for Theory – 274

Cosmological shapes.

16. Vision in Education – 294

What is art for?

Notes – 317

Bibliography – 325

Index – 339